Summary

Mass media refers collectively to all media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience via mass communication. media uses a physical object as a means of sending their information, such as a newspaper, magazines, brochures, newsletters, books, leaflets and pamphlets. Broadcast media (also known as electronic media) transmit their information electronically and comprise of television, film and radio, movies, CDs, DVDs and some other gadgets like cameras or video consoles. The term "mass" suggests that the recipients of media products constitute a vast sea of passive, undifferentiated individuals.

Advertising is a form of communication used to encourage or persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media; including mass media such as newspaper, magazines, television commercial, radio advertisement, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages.

4 Letters

1^st Letter

Dear Mike:

Hi, how are you? I’m writing you this letter to tell you how things are going on here at these times. There’s so much to tell, that I don’t even have an idea from where to begin, but I guess I’ve got to “introduce” you to my life first.

I live in New York, although I was born in Alabama. My family decided to move on here cause it was too hard for my dad to find a job in Alabama.  

Well, the little town where I live is called “Green Valley” and it’s about one hour by car to the centre of NY. My neighbor is called Brian “Syn” Elwin Haner Jr, and he’s been my best friend since always, so are our families. Just imagine, our families decided to move on here and leave everything behind in Alabama; that proves loyalty don’t you think? My house isn’t so big; we are five in my family though, my older sister and my young brother. We have four rooms, one for my dad and mom, another one for my sister, one for Laura (our colored servant) and the last one for my brother and me. I need more space so we’re going to make another room with my family and Syn’s family is going to help too.

Things seem to be apart from the rest of the world here in my town. It’s like I’ve seen al this people looking for a job and some of them trying to survive in the street, but here it just looks so normal and peaceful. Although we aren’t rich, we aren’t poor either, so I feel myself lucky for living in this place. In fact, many of my friends think the same way I do. The place is beautiful and almost all of the families here have got new cars and servants.

Hope you’re fine and let’s keep in touch!

Your friend, Lucas

2^nd Letter

Hi Mike:

How’s everything there? Hey do you remember I told you Syn’s family and mine were going to build a new room for me? Well we did so, and we spent such a good time building it! And it looks so cool, I’m just proud of it. I love doing this kind of things, you know, the building stuff, and so does my family, specially my young brother. The other day we went to mount “Zachary James” near our town with Syn’s family. We made a fire in the night and sang some Yankees songs; we also took a radio with us, so that we could listen to music all the day. Aren’t these things amazing? Just love carrying the music! Jennifer (Syn’s twin sister) was reading an Agatha Christie book, she lent me the book for a coupe of hours, and I loved the book (I like very much reading, may be genetic, my mother loves reading too), Agatha is really a good writer. When we came back home Syn and I began playing guitar. That’s our passion. Blues is our favorite genre in music, it expresses so well the guitarists felling.

I haven’t told you jet how my fathers pay all of our stuff. Well my father’s an architect; specialist in big structures (that explains why he thought that NY was a better chance for looking jobs) and my mom is a doctor. As I already told you we aren’t either poor or rich, but my fathers are professionals from recognized universities, that’s why they’ve got quite a little bit more chances to find a job at this times.

I’m trying to earn money someway as I want a new guitar but I don’t want to ask to my family for money, cause I know this aren’t good times to do it, but I really want the guitar, so I’ll find a way to get a new one or to earn money.

Hoping everything’s ok there,

Your friend, Lucas

3^rd Letter (Check This One)

Dear Mike:

Hey! Guess what? I got a 10 at school. Isn’t that cool? Syn didn’t do so well though, he just got a 5. Anyway, he’s quite intelligent, so he’ll have no problem on increasing his marks.

Zoey (kind of my best friend after Syn) came to my house yesterday. Also Anthony and Paul came by the day. It’s so funny when we’re all together after school. Days ago we accorded to earn money someway so that we could by a Forbes Magazine in 3-D. They are quite expensive, so neither of us could’ve ever bought one by ourselves.

Most of the times when I meet with my friends (and this time was not the exception), we use to read comics. Probably we’ve already read about one hundred! Not kidding, it’s just amazing when we read them, you know why? Cause after reading them, we go out to a wasteland (only if we are at Zoë’s place, otherwise we go somewhere at the street or a lone place) and act the whole chapter. I know it may sound strange for you, but it’s like turning into a superhero! Just try it once it’s just amazing.

Being at school is kind of boring, but there are some things we have to know. You know, independence, WW1, the last decade and everything. We are about forty (may be fifty) at my class. So you may imagine how the poor teacher is all the class. Sometimes it’s just so noisy that it’s impossible to hear the teacher, and she just stands there and hits the draft slate against the blackboard and tries to make us listen to the class.

I usually sit next to Zoë, and at the front Kirk and Paul. Left side: Kurt and Dave. Right side: Hayley and Eddie. And at the back: Anthony and Syn. All of them are my best friends, it’s cool when we are all together doing all of this acting stuff, makes it look so real.

The school isn’t so big, two floors and not much teachers. But, the students are about five hundred. God, that’s a lot isn’t it? James Hetfield, headmaster and founder of the school, told us some time ago that we’ll have to share classes with another grade. Well, actually now we’re like one class. We have been so much time together that I think we all have this felling of unity and respect for another.

Your friend, Lucas

4^th Letter

Hi Mike:

Things are not good at this days, this crisis we’re having is making everyone loose their jobs. My mom just got fired from the hospital were she was working, now there are only twenty doctors in the hospital, and as a lot of people are in the street they’re very susceptible to many diseases so hospitals are full. The problem is that hospitals don’t have enough money cause the state can’t give them what they need to receive big amounts of people, so to receive them all they need to save money, the problem, the only way of saving money is firing people, and firing them makes everything slower… people’s going crazy. Although my dad’s got quite a secure job, so we can still live here, anyway Syn’s family offered their help in case we needed.

United Kingdom and France are fighting as usual… what’s wrong with this European people? People there are quite confused, in UK the conservatives won the elections a couple of years ago, Stanley Baldwin was the leader. Everything’s saying that he’s going to come as the winner again for the elections next year. Franklin D. Roosevelt just got this “New Deal” stuff, with what he thinks may help all of this depression in our country. Spain is in a huge internal conflict by now, all of this civil war is affecting them a lot, and it seems that many people is going to keep dying. I can’t forget telling you that the some people at the UK are fighting for the Irish Free State. I don’t want to be negative but don’t you think something big is coming? Oh, and how could I forget… you know that nowadays things are not going well between white and blacks, white people think they’re superior by any stupid reason, I don’t think that way, but there’s a lot of people that does.

Anyway I won’t keep telling you all the negative stuff occurring nowadays. There’re also good things happening. Such as the radio! How could we possibly now everything happening at our country without a radio? And more important than that! How could we listen to music everywhere we want to? Also Hayley told me the other day that a man called Paul Tutmarc is creating a “bass guitar”. Don’t now exactly what it is but you know, got my ideas as everyone else.

Well my friend, hope you and your family is fine,

Your friend, Lucas

To Kill a Mockingbird Summary

In the following lines i'm telling in a short summary what happened on chapters 10 and 11 of the novel "How to Kill a Mockingbird", written by Harper Lee. 

Chapter 10

In this chapter Scout was faced to a really big trouble, to encourage the promise she made to Atticus of not fighting anymore. She had to hold herself because of the constant people bothering her at school because of the case Atticus had taken. Then, she and Jem began to notice that their father was older than their classmates’ ones. In addition to this, they didn’t like the job of Atticus; they preferred him to be even a farmer. He didn't even teach Jem and Scout to shoot when they got their air rifles, but he did ask that they shoot at tin cans or blue jays but not mockingbirds because it was a sin to kill mockingbirds. Scout had never heard her daddy say that something was a sin, so she was naturally curious as to why mockingbirds were so special. She went to Miss Maudie for answers, and Miss Maudie explained that, "'Mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up people's gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That's why it's a sin to kill a mockingbird.'"

Chapter 11

When Scout was well into second grade, she and Jem had moved beyond Boo Radley and had grown more interested in the actual town of Maycomb. The only problem was that to get to town, they had to pass the home of Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose. She was a mean old woman who always yelled terrible things at Scout and Jem. She lived alone with only a colored girl who took care of her, and the part of the day that she didn't spend in bed, she spent sitting in a wheelchair on her front porch. It was rumored among the town that she kept a pistol hidden under some shawls, but no one knew if it was real or not. No matter how they tried to handle Mrs. Dubose, she was always being mean to them, and Atticus told them to ignore it because she was just a sick, old lady. Because they were older then, Jem insisted that they meet Atticus at the post office on his way home from work, and that meant passing Mrs. Dubose every day. And every day Atticus would stop at her house, take his hat off, and wish her a good day. Then he would swing Scout up onto his shoulders and they would continue home.

Interview

Is the language part of the identity of people?

Yes, I think that language is part of the special identity of individuals.

Why?

Because the language is where the man can develop his consciousness and where it can be established with a view to the world where all animals are established.

But…, why through language?

In principle the consciousness of personality, when you enter the world of language to four years, generate a phenomenon of self-awareness, being different from others around you.

Do different languages, set us apart as beings existence?

I do not think there is a difference fully, but if you think there is a difference in content as to how to understand the world according to one understands it in Chinese or in English or in Spanish, there is some awareness as we create the perception of the world taken for culture. In the background is the culture that gives a sense of difference, rather than language.

What do you think that are the differences between private and communicative language?

I think the difference mainly part that kind of information I share, there is some information that I keep for me, intimately, and there's one that I share with the rest.

Which are the bases of the language features?

Well, you must first know how to communicate, because any noises are not communication. Language must have filtered with signs, to show it in writing. And it must be understood by a group of people.

In terms of communication, what humans communicate in some way similar to that used by animals?

No, in any case.

Why?

I think the instinct that motivates animals; for example, avoid danger, not a form of language. We could do exactly what they want, only a little attention. The language they have is more than anything to learn from mistakes and imitation.

What do you consider about the differences of language?

I think that is appropriate for each language industry has something to give him some kind of distinctive, like other adults talk to teens, but also consider it inappropriate language you have.

And you think that language can change?

The language is dynamic, the language changes, language remains static and the language makes human beings can evolve.

Do you think that when we think something we think the same way as the rest?

It depends, if a person born in England, the son of Hindu parents the way they think is Indian, but then be translated into English to communicate with others. If my child belongs to a culture, this is more important than language.

What language can be some kind of authenticity?

That clearly exist in the language is one factor that makes it maintained over time, such as French has not evolved in a long time, and even new words are words that existed before and are returning to current language for different reasons. In the aspect of technology, they use words for everything, translate it, not as in Spanish, some words from a given language stays that way without being altered. 

Well, throughout history there have been several factors make a language becomes extinct, do you believe that this can still occur?

Yes, clearly, is part of our property and human.

Do you think that the Indians who were colonized should have accepted the new language that had to be submitted?

What happens is that you do not always want to adapt to other cultures that are not their own, especially if they come with some level of violence, something positive.

Anyway I think it's good for you as a person speaks more than one language, and I think in that sense not adapt to the colonizing culture is fine, but would be wise to learn to speak the language of the new culture so that they can affront the demands of the new culture.

And to end the interview, do you believe that language is power?

I believe that communication is power. Language by itself is not. For example, in some cases it happens that the speaker and communicator, has a great influence on speak an index of respect.

Comments

For us, this interview was very interesting and important, because we saw another perspective of language and it development, based on a philosophical background. Sir Danny Núñez explains to us, the language as a property of the entire humanity, that all people have a right on it. He said that language is one of the aspects that make people different to each other, also is a characteristic of our identity.

For us, this experience was very special, because we don’t learn a topic by a classical definition, His point of view about language was very different like another subject teacher. Sir Danny Núñez said about the consciousness, which is the knowledge that are created by a person, himself and by the relationship with his environment. We conclude that this interview gives us another idea about a relevant concept, the language.

The first paragraph has a great felling for the human rights and tryies to persuade the reader using "Ethos" and "Pathos". In the case of the emotions he uses childrens as a weapon, clearly ecause childrens represent inocence and he explains what happens when black people's sons ask them why they can't go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, an how they have to deal with the type of question like "Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean?", using "Daddy" instead of "dad", giving a higher emotive sense to the sentence, trying to make the audience feel what they've been sufering all this time.

In the case of the values and moral he explains how white people are calling them, omitting their real names and calling them as "nigger boy Jhon" or how their wifes and mothers never get the respected title of "Mrs.".

Something that looks really important is the language he uses in hi letter. He treates white people as "sirs" and uses a formal language, using words like "legitimate and unavoidable impatience".

Again talking about moral, King. Jr talkes about the existence of the fact that there are two types of laws, just and injust laws. And how white people just say "Wait", using a capital letter at the begginig of the word, giving a feelling of authority of white people over the black ones. He says that one has not only a legal but a moral responsability to obey laws, but one also has a moral responsability to disobey unjust laws.

The second paragraph of page three talks about the laws, the just laws and the injust laws, he constantly use the word moral and just, to make an enfasis in what he is saying, he use logos of the definition of moral, he has a thesis, that supports the idea that a just law is a law that fit into a social moral code, and a non just law which is a law that doesnt fits in the social moral code, as you can se, he use a lot of technical words of  politial uses, so we can infer that his semantic feel is politics, and the hypernyms are words like law, just, fere, injustice justice etc.

He supports the idea of just law in three steps, the first he express his point of view, in what he belives in, the second step is  to explain why does he think like that, and he gives powerful arguments that support his ideas,  and the third step is to explain everithing, he use examples to make himelf cleare, so we can se that he use a clearly P.E.E. structure.

Birmingham Ideas

I think I would probably feel completely bad about me and my brothers and sisters situation, i'll probably try to make my best effort to survive. In a case of a revolution i'll cooperate without even thinking about it, living in that situation is probably worst than death. Is in this cases when everyone has to help, otherwise all the effort of that persons that wanted to free you and all of the black people will be useless. I think I would lose respect for life, and try to do something for everyone, see how the human race is killing itself in front of me is not something I would be able to handle.

The Day I saw a Kiwi

In the year 2011 I was chosen to go on an exchange to New Zealand for three weeks. One of the reasons this country is well known is because they have a bird that is not able to fly and only lives there. This bird is called "The Kiwi". Nowadays there are like 12.000 Kiwis left in the world, all in New Zealand.
Well so one day I was talking with my host mother and she said "Go to the zoo. Is the only place where you'll have a chance to see a Kiwi". That's what she told me, and that's what I did. So I was in the zoo (with Max, my host brother) and we went to this house where the two kiwis lived. It was a dark place, the only thing that helped us see something was some red-termical lights that kept the place not too warm neither so cold. Suddenly we heard some steps and nearby a bush (the place was quite big) the Kiwi came out. I was quite surprised and so were all the people inside the Kiwis' house. I don't even know why I was so excited, it was only a bird that couldn't even fly... it didn't even make any sound or make something funny. In fact, the Kiwi was making the same route like trying to kill himself of boringness or something. Well, it doesn't really matter why the Kiwi makes people get so excited, or why the Kiwi can't fly (thing I asked a lot of people in NZ and nobody could answer me), what I really care about is that I saw the bird, which was, apparently, a great achievement.